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## Soil and Snow Thermal Properties

The article discusses the thermal properties of soil and snow in the context of land surface modeling.

Soil Thermal Properties:
- Soil thermal conductivity is calculated based on the soil's mineral and organic composition.
- Saturated, dry, and bedrock thermal conductivities are determined using empirical equations.
- Kersten number accounts for the degree of soil saturation and phase of water (liquid or frozen).
- Soil volumetric heat capacity depends on the heat capacities of soil solids, liquid water, and ice.

Snow Thermal Properties:
- Snow thermal conductivity is calculated based on the density of snow.
- Snow volumetric heat capacity depends on the amounts of ice and liquid water in the snowpack.

Special Case for Shallow Snowpack:
- When snow is present but there are no explicit snow layers, the heat capacity of the top soil layer is a blend of ice and soil heat capacity.

The article provides the detailed mathematical formulations to compute these thermal properties within the land surface model.