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Biogeophysical and Biogeochemical Processes in CLM

The Community Land Model (CLM) simulates a comprehensive set of biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes for each subgrid land unit, column, and plant functional type. These processes include:

1. Surface characterization and heterogeneity
2. Solar radiation absorption, reflection, and transmittance
3. Longwave radiation absorption and emission
4. Momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes
5. Soil and snow heat transfer and phase change
6. Canopy and soil hydrology 
7. Snow hydrology
8. Photosynthesis and plant hydraulics
9. Lake, glacier, and river processes
10. Urban energy balance
11. Vegetation carbon/nitrogen allocation and phenology
12. Plant respiration and litter/soil decomposition
13. Nitrogen cycling and plant mortality
14. Fire modeling and methane cycling
15. Crop dynamics, irrigation, and land use change
16. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions and dust modeling
17. Carbon isotope fractionation

These processes are simulated independently for each subgrid unit, with the grid cell surface variables and fluxes obtained by averaging the subgrid quantities. This comprehensive modeling approach captures the key biogeophysical and biogeochemical interactions in the land system.